The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State The United States of America is the third-biggest nation on the planet dependent on populace and land region. It has an absolute region of 3,794,100 square miles isolated into 50 states. The geology of the states changes from the level, low-lying regions of Florida to the tough uneven western states like Alaska and Colorado. The Highest Points In the U.S. This rundown takes note of the most noteworthy point in each state:â The Frozen North: Mount McKinley (or Denali) at 20,320 feet (6,193 m)California: Mount Whitney at 14,495 feet (4,418 m)Colorado: Mount Elbert at 14,433 feet (4,399 m)Washington: Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet (4,392 m)Wyoming: Gannett Peak at 13,804 feet (4,207 m)Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)Utah: Kings Peak at 13,528 feet (4,123 m)New Mexico: Wheeler Peak at 13,161 feet (4,011 m)Nevada: Boundary Peak at 13,140 feet (4,005 m)Montana: Granite Peak at 12,799 feet (3,901 m)Idaho: Borah Peak at 12,662 feet (3,859 m)Arizona: Humphreys Peak at 12,633 feet (3,850 m)Oregon: Mount Hood at 11,239 feet (3,425 m)Texas: Guadalupe Peak at 8,749 feet (2,667 m)South Dakota: Harney Peak at 7,242 feet (2,207 m)North Carolina: Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)Tennessee: Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m)New Hampshire: Mount Washington at 6,288 feet (1,916 m)Virginia: Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m)Nebraska: Panorama Point at 5,426 feet (1,654 m)New York: Mount Marcy at 5,344 fe et (1,628 m) Maine: Katahdin at 5,268 feet (1,605 m)Oklahoma: Black Mesa at 4,973 feet (1,515 m)West Virginia: Spruce Knob at 4,861 feet (1,481 m)Georgia: Brasstown Bald at 4,783 feet (1,458 m)Vermont: Mount Mansfield at 4,393 feet (1,339 m)Kentucky: Black Mountain at 4,139 feet (1,261 m)Kansas: Mount Sunflower at 4,039 feet (1,231 m)South Carolina: Sassafras Mountain at 3,554 feet (1,083 m)North Dakota: White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,068 m)Massachusetts: Mount Greylock at 3,488 feet (1,063 m)Maryland: Backbone Mountain at 3,360 feet (1,024 m)Pennsylvania: Mount Davis at 3,213 feet (979 m)Arkansas: Magazine Mountain at 2,753 feet (839 m)Alabama: Cheaha Mountain at 2,405 feet (733 m)Connecticut: Mount Frissell at 2,372 feet (723 m)Minnesota: Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m)Michigan: Mount Arvon at 1,978 feet (603 m)Wisconsin: Timms Hill at 1,951 feet (594 m)New Jersey: High Point at 1,803 feet (549 m)Missouri: Taum Sauk Mountain at 1,772 feet (540 m)Iowa: Hawkeye Point at 1,670 feet (509 m)Ohio: Campbell Hill at 1,549 feet (472 m) Indiana: Hoosier Hill at 1,257 feet (383 m)Illinois: Charles Mound at 1,235 feet (376 m)Rhode Island: Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet (247 m)Mississippi: Woodall Mountain at 806 feet (245 m)Louisiana: Driskill Mountain at 535 feet (163 m)Delaware: Ebright Azimuth at 442 feet (135 m)Florida: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m)

Essay To Kill A Mockingbird In The Widely Known Novel To Kill A Mocki

Article: To Kill A Mockingbird In the broadly realized novel To Kill A Mockingbird there are two families that are exceptionally different and are typical cases of direct inverses on the ethical stepping stool of progress. The Cunninghams and the Ewells have two unmistakable and inverse notorieties. The Cunninghams which are regarded while the Ewells particularly detested. The Ewells are given the benefit to chase unavailable, with the goal that the occupants of the unassuming community of Maycomb would not need to endure their constant asking twenty-four hours per day for seven days every week. These two families show the decency of diligent employees or, in the Ewells case, can fill their companions with distress. The Cunninghams have pride, with respect to the Ewells, they have a characteristic like rebel nature that will in the long run frequent them and hurt others in view of their shocking like mentality. The Cunningham's are exceptionally regarded by the resident's of Maycomb area. The Cunninghams took nothing, except if they could take care of it. Walter the most youthful in the Cunningham family was in a similar class at school as Scout Finch the little girl of Atticus Finch. While in school, a new youthful new teacher known as Miss Caroline didn't have the foggiest idea about the notorieties of the ancestors of these two kids. In what resembled a decent day for the new kid on the block educator immediately transformed into complete confusion and an absolute difficulty trip for the instructor. Walter Cunningham being brought up in a persevering situation was instructed not to take what he was unable to repay. The instructor clearly didn't think about his experience in the most moment way and humiliated him widely by practically requesting him to take some lunch cash. Realizing that he was unable to pay Miss Caroline back in the manner that she had as a main priority he realized that he could take the cash which he needed to take so awful. Walter in the long run wound up eating with the Finch's. While eating at the Finch's he didn't have the foggiest idea how to manage the entirety of the food that they have offered to him. For instance he suffocated his waffles in a pool of syrup. Sway Ewell's child, Burris was additionally looked similarly however a contrary way and reason. A similar day as the Walter Cunningham occurrence there was another episode concerning the Ewells. Burris had cooties. A cootie came quickly flying out of the accepted Afro of Burris' hair, and frightened the administrator of the class, Miss Caroline. Miss Caroline immediately requested that Burris return home and wash and clean his hair with Kerosine. Burris originating from what appeared as though a wrecked home and he had no pride in this way, he reprimanded the educator, made her cry, compromised her, and afterward left. The Cunninghams are given uncommon benefits. Cunninghams paid Atticus for some legitimate work that Atticus did with their ranch, they p aid him with food, and different administrations. The number of inhabitants in Maycomb area excepted this since they realize that the family is exceptionally steadfast, honest and incredibly dedicated. The Cunningham's could take nothing that they couldn't restitution similarly or more prominent of significant worth. At that point their are your loosen, lying, cootie pervaded, mooching Ewells. Bounce Ewell is a complete tanked, he takes what cash he may have earned or took and drinks it away. Mr. Ewell once in a while or if at any time has purchased or cooked his family a hot and absolute nutritious supper in his life. The children would essentially wither up in the little shack that they live in and starve, on the off chance that they didn't have the benefit to chase and eat the food that they execute. The Cunninghams were a group of honesty, faithfulness and ready to carry on incredible duties. They would not like to hurt anybody, they were appreciative for the individuals that ha d helped them on their excursion of life. At the point when the Cunninghams weren't right they let it be known, when they were correct they didn't show it. They had incredible regard for any individual who strolled on the substance of the earth. Be that as it may, as normal the Ewells were the exact inverse, they didn't come clean on a reliable premise, and it squandered a Paper To Kill A Mockingbird In The Widely Known Novel To Kill A Mocki Paper: To Kill A Mockingbird In the broadly realized novel To Kill A Mockingbird there are two families that are exceptionally various and are common cases of direct inverses on the ethical stepping stool of progress. The Cunninghams and the Ewells have two unmistakable and inverse notorieties. The Cunninghams which are regarded while the Ewells especially scorned. The Ewells are given the benefit to chase unavailable, with the goal that the inhabitants of the unassuming community of Maycomb would not need to endure their consistent asking twenty-four hours every day for seven days per week. These two families show the decency of diligent employees or, in the Ewells case, can fill their friends with distress. The Cunninghams have pride, with respect to the Ewells, they have a characteristic like rebel nature that will in the long run frequent them and hurt others on account of their startling like mentality. The Cunningham's are extremely regarded by the resident's of Maycomb region. The Cunninghams took nothing, except if they could take care of it. Walter the most youthful in the Cunningham group was in a similar class at school as Scout Finch the girl of Atticus Finch. While in school, a new youthful new teacher known as Miss Caroline didn't have a clue about the notorieties of the antecedents of these two kids. In what resembled a decent day for the new kid on the block educator immediately transformed into complete disorder and an all out affliction trip for the instructor. Walter Cunningham being brought up in an extremely persevering condition was instructed not to take what he was unable to take care of. The instructor clearly didn't think about his experience in the most moment way and humiliated him broadly by practically requesting him to take some lunch cash. Realizing that he was unable to pay Miss Caroline back in the manner that she had as a primary concern he realized that he could take the cash which he needed to take so terrible. Walter in the long run wound up eating with the Finch's. While eating at the Finch's he didn't have the foggiest idea how to manage the entirety of the food that they have offered to him. For instance he suffocated his waffles in a pool of syrup. Sway Ewell's child, Burris was additionally looked similarly however a contrary way and reason. A similar day as the Walter Cunningham occurrence there was another episode concerning the Ewells. Burris had cooties. A cootie came hysterically flying out of the accepted Afro of Burris' hair, and frightened the supervisor of the class, Miss Caroline. Miss Caroline immediately requested that Burris return home and wash and scour his hair with Kerosine. Burris originating from what appeared as though a messed up home and he had no pride along these lines, he berated the instructor, made her cry, undermined her, and afterward left. The Cunninghams are given exceptional benefits. Cunninghams paid Atticus for some lawful work that Atticus did with their ranch, they paid him with food, and different administrations. The number of inhabitants in Maycomb province excepted this since they realize that the family is faithful, honest and very persevering. The Cunningham's could take nothing that they couldn't restitution similarly or more noteworthy of significant worth. At that point their are your loosen, lying, cootie swarmed, mooching Ewells. Sway Ewell is an all out alcoholic, he takes what cash he may have earned or took and drinks it away. Mr. Ewell once in a while or if at any point has purchased or cooked his family a hot and complete nutritious supper in his life. The children would fundamentally wither up in the little shack that they live in and starve, in the event that they didn't have the benefit to chase and eat the food that they slaughter. The Cunninghams were a group of honesty, unwaveringness and ready to carry on incredible duties. They would not like to hurt anybody, they were thankful for the individuals that had helped t hem on their excursion of life. At the point when the Cunninghams weren't right they let it out, when they were correct they didn't show it. They had extraordinary regard for any individual who strolled on the substance of the earth. However, as common the Ewells were the exact inverse, they didn't come clean consistently, and it squandered a

How Long Does DMT Stay in Your System

How Long Does DMT Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print How Long Does DMT Stay in Your System? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 13, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery DMT (N, N-Dimethyltryptamine) is a psychedelic compound that naturally occurs in some plants. Trace amounts are also naturally found in the human body. It can cause instant hallucinations and the effect is short-lived.?? DMT is the primary hallucinogenic component of ayahuasca tea, which is made from the South American plant of the same name. DMT is often available as a white or yellow crystalline powder and can be synthetically produced. It goes by the street name Dimitri. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) classifies DMT as a Schedule I drug.?? Not only is it illegal, this means that it has a great potential for abuse and no accepted medical applications in the United States. DMT is not tested for standard drug screenings, though some tests may be able to detect it. How Long DMT Lasts DMT acts on serotonin receptors in the brain. Compared to other hallucinogens, such as LSD, it acts very quickly when administered by sniffing or smoking. Some users prefer to use a vaporizer or roll the powder with tobacco, cannabis, or other herbs to be smoked. In rare cases, it may also be injected. Even small doses of DMT can instantly produce visual hallucinations and auditory distortions. Users can begin hallucinating within 45 seconds and the peak of the effect is felt in the first five minutes. This fast onset led to its nickname businessmans lunch trip. Depending on how it is taken, the dosage, and the person, the effects typically last no more than 30 to 45 minutes. DMT has no effect if taken orally by itself as it is quickly broken down by monoamine oxidase in the digestive tract. For an oral dose to be active, it is taken with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), which also produces a longer effect. This is seen in ayahuasca tea, which includes a plant-based MAOI ingredient. The effect can last for three hours with this mixture. Effects on the Brain DMT produces hallucinations and euphoria.?? The fast onset can leave the user vulnerable. The specific effects include an increased heart rate, agitation, and hallucinations that can include body and spatial distortions. If ayahuasca is taken, the user may experience severe vomiting as well. Because DMT is a hallucinogen, a  user can experience unexpected side effects. Some hallucinogens can affect the action of the brain chemical serotonin, which regulates mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, and muscle control.?? It is recommended that people with schizophrenia or similar mental health conditions avoid DMT and other hallucinogens. This includes people who have a family history involving these conditions, even if they have not been personally diagnosed with a condition. Though rare, reports have attributed DMT and ayahuasca as triggers to severe psychotic episodes.?? When to Seek Help for Symptoms of Psychosis Preventing an Overdose The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that, like most hallucinogens, DMT is likely not addictive, though more research is needed. It is possible, however, for frequent users to develop a tolerance that may lead them to take higher amounts, which increases the risk of overdose.?? Serious Side Effects of DMT According to the NIDA, in high dosages, DMT can produce the following effects:HallucinationsMemory lossCardiac and respiratory arrestPhysical distress (dangerous changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and body temperature)Psychological distress (feelings of extreme panic, fear, anxiety, paranoia, invulnerability, exaggerated strength, and aggression) Additionally, using DMT with high doses of alcohol or other central nervous system depressants can lead to respiratory distress or arrest. This may result in death. Drug Overdose Signs and Treatment Drug Testing DMT is metabolized by the body very quickly. The typical blood or urine analysis that is run on the most common hallucinogens generally only find trace amounts shortly after use.?? These are very difficult results to confirm. DMT is not part of the screening process for standard drugs tests used for law enforcement, employment, and treatment purposes. DMT might be detected if a specific test is used and can be detected in the lab in urine and hair follicles. A suspected substance can be tested to see if it is DMT.?? A Word From Verywell Though it may not show up on most drug tests, DMT may appear on certain tests. That said, the risks of using either DMT or ayahuasca should be weighed carefully before you consider taking it. The potential side effects and legal consequences may not be worth the effects you hope to experience.

11 Facts About Megalodon, the Giant Prehistoric Shark

Loosening Ties A Tradition Of Neglect - 1127 Words

Loosening Ties A Tradition of Neglect Parliament begins to tighten the imperial control (over the American colonies. The colonies became too independent and they need money after the 7 Years War. Resistance was centered around the taxes and the new encroachment of rules. After being â€Å"independent† for so long, the colonies had problems with this new governing. The colonial government was semi-efficient. They were still very depended on England only because they could only trade with them under their rules and laws → They still traded illegally with other outposts. The Colonies Divided Some of the people from the colonies believed that they had a loyalty to England and some believed that they have a duty to this new sense of being an â€Å"american.† Created postal service, trade, public roads, and other public funded and used things without consent of England. The Struggle for the Continent New France and the Iroquois Nation In 1750: The English and French began to have similar interests in the land (religious and economics) and they began to feel the claustrophobia. French explorers traveled down the Mississippi River and wanted the West much like the English but the English did not care about the Indians unlike the French.. The French and English began to offer the Indians different things. English could bring better goods for cheaper prices. French could offer tolerance and were open to Indian lifestyle. This made the Indians pick the French over the English. The FrenchShow MoreRelatedEssay about Morality of Gun Control757 Words   |  4 Pagesbut other things can be done. We have to get back to our roots and become more civil and moral. Throughout recent history our society has continually loosened its moral bonds until we have arrived at the everything goes attitudes of today. This loosening simply has to be reversed. Let me say that this will be a difficult task, but our society MUST put common sense and civility forefront of todays efforts nationwide. It will be harder to fight then any war. We must have an awakening or things willRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Cha nge.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesepidemic of ethnic strife, uncontrolled urban growth, and the dissolution of extended family ties in many societies divided nations and communities and isolated individuals to an extent unparalleled in recorded human history. For teachers, in particular, the challenge of weaving together in meaningful ways the seemingly disparate strands of global history in the twentieth century has often led to its neglect. The fact that the most recent phase of the human experience is usually covered only at theRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pagesrequired to have how many periods of EO training per year? 4 (1 each quarter) Define the term ethnic group. A segment of the population that possesses common characteristics and a cultural heritage based to some degree on: faith or faiths; shared traditions, values or symbols;literature, folklore, or music; an internal sense of distinctiveness; and/or an external perception of distinctiveness. (AR 600-20 June 2006 /Terms / PDF 126) Define the term racism. Any attitude or action of a person or institutional

The Return Nightfall Chapter 15 Free Essays

Matt nodded, but he was blushing to the fair roots of his hair. â€Å"Tami†¦pressed herself against me.† There was a long pause. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Nightfall Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meredith said levelly, â€Å"Matt, do you mean she hugged you? Like a biiiiiig hug? Or that she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, because Matt was already shaking his head vehemently. â€Å"It was no innocent biiiiiig hug. We were alone, in the doorway there, and she just†¦well, I couldn’t believe it. She’s only fifteen, but she acted like an adult woman. I mean†¦not that I’ve ever had an adult woman dothat to me.† Looking embarrassed but relieved at having got this off his chest, Matt’s gaze went from face to face. â€Å"So what do you think? Was it just a coincidence that Caroline was there? Or did she†¦say something to Tamra?† â€Å"No coincidence,† Elena said simply. â€Å"It’d be toomuch of a coincidence: Caroline coming on to you and then Tamra acting like that. I know – I used to know Tami Bryce. She’s a nice little girl – or she used to be.† â€Å"She still is,† Meredith said. â€Å"I told you, I went out with Jim a few times. She’s a very nice girl, and not at all mature for her age. I don’t think she would normally do anything inappropriate, unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, looking into the middle distance, and then shrugged without finishing her sentence. Bonnie looked serious now. â€Å"But we have to stop this,† she said. â€Å"What if she does that to some guy who’s not nice and shy like Matt? She’s going to get herself assaulted!† â€Å"That’s the whole problem,† Matt said, turning red again. â€Å"I mean, it’s pretty difficult†¦. If she had been some other girl, that I was going on a date with – not that I go out with other girls on dates†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he added hastily, glancing at Elena. â€Å"But youshould be going out on dates,† Elena said firmly. â€Å"Matt, I don’t want eternal fidelity from you – there’s nothing I’d like better than to see you dating a nice girl.† As if by accident, her gaze wandered over to Bonnie, who was now trying to crunch celery very quietly and neatly. â€Å"Stefan, you’re the only one who can tell us what to do,† Elena said, turning to him. Stefan was frowning. â€Å"I don’t know. With only two girls, it’s pretty hard to draw any conclusions.† â€Å"So we’re going to wait and see what Caroline – or Tami – does next?† Meredith asked. â€Å"Not just wait,† Stefan said. â€Å"We’ve got to find out more about it. You guys can keep an eye on Caroline and Tamra Bryce, and I can do some research on it.† â€Å"Damn!† Elena said, hitting the ground with one fist. â€Å"I can almost – † She stopped suddenly and looked at her friends. Bonnie had dropped her celery, gasping, and Matt had choked on his Coke, going into a coughing fit. Even Meredith and Stefan were staring at her. â€Å"What?† she said blankly. Meredith recovered first. â€Å"It’s just that yesterday you were – well, very young angels don’t swear.† â€Å"Just because I died a couple of times, it means I have to say ;;darn’ for the rest of my life?† Elena shook her head. â€Å"Not. I’m me and I’m going to stay me – whoever I am.† â€Å"Good,† said Stefan, leaning over to kiss the top of her head. Matt looked away and Elena gave Stefan an almost dismissive pat, but thinking,I love you forever , and knowing that he would pick it up even if she couldn’t hear his thought in return. In fact she found shecould pick up his general response to it, a warm rose color seemed to hang around him. Was this what Bonnie saw and called an aura? She realized that most of the day she’d seen him with a light, cool, emerald sort of shadowing around him – if shadows could be light. And the green was returning now as the pink faded away. Immediately she glanced over the rest of the picnickers. Bonnie was surrounded by a roselike color, shading to the palest of pinks. Meredith was a deep and profound violet. Matt was a strong clear blue. It reminded her that up until yesterday – only yesterday? – she’d seen so many things that no one else could see. Including something that had scared her silly. What had itbeen ? She was getting flashes of images – little details that were scary enough by themselves. It could be as small as a fingernail or as large as an arm. Bark-like texture, at least on the body. Insect-like antennae, but far too many of them, and moving like whips, faster than any insect ever moved them. She had the general crawly feeling she got whenever she thought about insects. It was a bug, then. But a bug built on a different body plan than any insect she knew of. It was more like a leech in that respect, or a squid. It had a completely circular mouth, with sharp teeth all around, and far too many tentacles that looked like thick vines whipping around in back. It could attach itself to a person, she thought. But she had a terrible feeling that it could do more. It could turn transparent and pull itself inside you and you would feel no more than a pinprick. Andthen what would happen? Elena turned to Bonnie. â€Å"Do you think that if I show you what something looks like, you could recognize it again? Not with your eyes, but with your psychic senses?† â€Å"I guess it depends on what the  ¡Ã‚ ®something’ is,† Bonnie answered cautiously. Elena glanced over at Stefan, who gave her briefest of nods. â€Å"Then shut your eyes,† she said. Bonnie did so, and Elena put her fingertips on Bonnie’s temples, with her thumbs gently brushing Bonnie’s eyelashes. Trying to activate her White Powers – something that had been so easy before today – was like striking two rocks together to make a fire and hoping one was flint. Finally she felt a small spark, and Bonnie jerked backward. Bonnie’s eyes snapped open.†What was that?† she gasped. She was breathing hard. â€Å"That’s what I saw – yesterday.† â€Å"Where?† Elena said slowly, â€Å"Inside Damon.† â€Å"But what does it mean? Was he controlling it? Or†¦or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie stopped and her eyes widened. Elena finished the sentence for her. â€Å"Was it controlling him? I don’t know. But here’s one thing I do know, almost for certain. When he ignored your Calling, Bonnie, he was being influenced by the malach.† â€Å"The question is,if not Damon , who was controlling it?† Stefan said, standing up again restlessly. â€Å"I picked that up, and the kind of creature Elena showed you – it’s not something with a mind of its own. It needs an outside brain to control it.† â€Å"Like another vampire?† Meredith asked quietly. Stefan shrugged. â€Å"Vampires usually just ignore them, because vampires can get what they want without them. It would have to be a very strong mind to get a malach like that to possess a vampire. Strong – and evil.† â€Å"Those,† Damon said with biting grammatical precision, from where he was sitting on a high limb of an oak, â€Å"are they. My younger brother and his†¦associates.† â€Å"Marvelous,† murmured Shinichi. He had draped himself even more gracefully and languidly against the oak than Damon had. It had become an unspoken contest. Shinichi’s golden eyes had flared once or twice – Damon had seen it – upon seeing Elena and at the mention of Tami. â€Å"Don’t even try to tell me you’re not involved with those rowdy girls,† Damon added dryly. â€Å"From Caroline to Tamra and onward, that’s the idea, isn’t it?† Shinichi shook his head. His eyes were on Elena and he began to sing a folksong softly. â€Å"With cheeks like blooming roses And hair like golden wheat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I wouldn’t try it onthose girls.† Damon smiled without humor. His eyes were narrow. â€Å"Granted, they look about as strong as wet tissue paper – but they’re tougher than you’d think, and they’re toughest of all when one of them is in danger.† â€Å"I told you, it’s not me doing it,† Shinichi said. He looked uneasy for the first time since Damon had seen him. Then he said, â€Å"Although I might know the originator.† â€Å"Do tell,† Damon suggested, still narrow-eyed. â€Å"Well – did I mention my younger twin? Her name is Misao.† He smiled winningly. â€Å"It means maiden.† Damon felt an automatic stirring of appetite. He ignored it. He was too relaxed to think of hunting, and he wasn’t at all sure thatkitsune – fox-spirits, which Shinichi claimed to be – could be hunted. â€Å"No, you didn’t mention her,† Damon said, absently scratching at the back of his neck. That mosquito bite was gone, but it had left behind a furious itching. â€Å"It must have somehow slipped your mind.† â€Å"Well, she’s here somewhere. She came when I did, when we saw the flare of Power that brought back†¦Elena.† Damon felt sure that the hesitation before the mention of Elena’s name was a fake. He tilted his head at thedon’t think you’re fooling me angle and waited. â€Å"Misao likes to play games,† Shinichi said simply. â€Å"Oh, yes? Like backgammon, chess, Go Fish, that sort of thing?† Shinichi coughed theatrically, but Damon caught the glint of red in his eye. My, he reallywas overprotective of her, wasn’t he? Damon gave Shinichi one of his most incandescent smiles. â€Å"I love her,† the young man with the black hair licked by fire said, and this time there was an open warning in his voice. â€Å"Of course you do,† Damon said in soothing tones. â€Å"I can see that.† â€Å"But, well, her games usually have the effect of destroying a town. Eventually. Not all at once.† Damon shrugged. â€Å"This flyspeck of a village isn’t going to be missed. Of course, I get my girls out alive first.† Now it was his voice that held an open warning. â€Å"Just as you like.† Shinichi was back to his normal, submissive self. â€Å"We’re allies, and we’ll keep to our deal. Anyway, it would be a shame to waste†¦all that.† His gaze drifted to Elena again. â€Å"By the way, we won’t even discuss the little fiasco with your malach and me – or hers, if you insist. I’m pretty sure I’ve vaporized at least three of them, but if I see another one, our business relationship is over. I make a bad enemy, Shinichi. You don’t want to find out how bad.† Shinichi looked suitably impressed as he nodded. But the next moment he was gazing at Elena again, and singing. â€Å"†¦hair like golden wheat all a-down her milk-white shoulders; My pretty pink, my sweet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And I’ll want to meet this Misao of yours. For her protection.† â€Å"And I know she wants to meet you. She’s caught up in her game at the moment, but I’ll try to tear her away from it.† Shinichi stretched luxuriously. Damon looked at him for a moment. Then, absent-mindedly, he too stretched. Shinichi was watching him. He smiled. Damon wondered about that smile. He had noticed that when Shinichi smiled, two little flames of crimson could be seen in his eyes. But he was really too tired to think about it right now. Simply too relaxed. In fact he suddenly felt very sleepy†¦. â€Å"So we’re going to be looking for these malach things in girls like Tami?† Bonnie asked. â€Å"Exactly like Tami,† said Elena. â€Å"And you think,† Meredith said, watching Elena closely, â€Å"that Tami got it somehow from Caroline.† â€Å"Yes. I know, I know – the question is: where did Caroline get it from? And that Idon’t know. But, again, we don’t know what happened to her when she was kidnapped by Klaus and Tyler Smallwood. We don’t know anything about what she’s been doing for the last week – except that it’s clear she never really stopped hating us.† Matt held his head in his hands. â€Å"And then what are we going todo? I feel as if I’m responsible somehow.† â€Å"No – Jimmy’s responsible, if anyone is. If he – you know, let Caroline spend the night – and then let her talk about it with his fifteen-year-old sister†¦. Well, it doesn’t make himguilty , but he sure could have been a little more subtle,† Stefan said. â€Å"And that’s whereyou’re wrong,† Meredith told him. â€Å"Matt and Bonnie and Elena and I have known Caroline forages andwe know what she’s capable of . If anyone qualifies as their sister’s keeper – it’s us. And I think we’re in serious delinquency of duty. I vote we stop by her house.† â€Å"So do I,† Bonnie said sadly, â€Å"but I’m not looking forward to it. Besides, what if shedoesn’t have one of those malach things in her?† â€Å"That’s where the research comes in,† Elena said. â€Å"We need to find out who’s behind it all. Someone strong enough to influence Damon.† â€Å"Wonderful,† Meredith said, looking grim. â€Å"And given the power of the ley lines, we only have every single person in Fell’s Church to choose from.† Fifty yards west and thirty feet straight up, Damon was struggling to keep awake. Shinichi reached up to brush fine hair the color of night and flames licking upward off his forehead. Under his lowered lids he was watching Damon intently. Damon meant to be watching him as intently, but he was simply too drowsy. Slowly, he imitated Shinichi’s motion, brushing a very few strands of silky black hair off his own forehead. His lids drooped inadvertently, just a little more than before. Shinichi was still smiling at him. â€Å"So we have our deal,† he murmured. â€Å"We get the town, Misao and I, and you don’t stand in our way. We get the rights to the power of the ley lines. You get your girls safely out†¦and you get your revenge.† â€Å"Against my sanctimonious brother and that†¦that Mutt!† â€Å"Matt.† Shinichi had sharp ears. â€Å"Whatever. I just won’t have Elena hurt, is all. Or the little red-headed witch.† â€Å"Ah, yes, sweet Bonnie. I wouldn’t mind one or two like her. One for Samhain and one for the Solstice.† Damon snorted drowsily. â€Å"There aren’t two like her; I don’t care where you look. I won’t have her hurt either.† â€Å"And what about the tall, dark-haired beauty†¦Meredith?† Damon woke up.†Where?† â€Å"Don’t worry; she’s not coming to get you,† Shinichi said soothingly. â€Å"What do you wantdone with her?† â€Å"Oh.† Damon lounged back again in relief, easing his shoulders. â€Å"Let her go her own way – as long as it’s far away from mine.† Shinichi seemed to deliberately relax back against his branch. â€Å"Your brother will be no problem. So it’s really just that other boy down there,† he murmured. He had a very insinuating murmur. â€Å"Yes. But my brother – † Damon was almost asleep now, in the exact position that Shinichi had taken. â€Å"I told you, he’ll be taken care of.† â€Å"Mm. I mean, good.† â€Å"So we have a deal?† â€Å"Mm-hmm.† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"We have a deal.† This time, Damon didn’t respond. He was dreaming. He dreamed that Shinichi’s angelic golden eyes snapped open suddenly to look at him. â€Å"Damon.† He heard his name, but in his dream it was too much trouble to open his eyes. He could see without opening them, anyway. In his dream, Shinichi leaned over him, hovering directly over his face, so that their auras mixed and they would have shared breath if Damon had been breathing. Shinichi stayed that way a long time, as if he were testing Damon’s aura, but Damon knew that to an outsider he would appear to be out on all channels and frequencies. Still, in his dream Shinichi hung over him, as if he were trying to memorize the crescent of dark lashes on Damon’s pale cheek or the subtle curve of Damon’s mouth. Finally, the dream-Shinichi put his hand under Damon’s head and stroked the spot where the mosquito bite had itched. â€Å"Oh, growing up to be a fine big lad, aren’t you?† he said to something Damon couldn’t see – to somethinginside him. â€Å"You could almost take full control against his own strong will, couldn’t you?† Shinichi sat for a moment, as if watching a cherry blossom fall, then shut his eyes. â€Å"I think,† he whispered, â€Å"that that’s what we’ll try, not too long from now. Soon. Very soon. But first, we have to gain his trust; get rid of his rival. Keep him blurred, angry, vain, off balance. Keep him thinking of Stefan, of his hatred for Stefan, who took his angel, whileI take care of what needs to be done here.† Then he spoke directly to Damon. â€Å"Allies, indeed!† He laughed. â€Å"Not while I can put my finger on your very soul. Here. Do you feel it? What I could make you do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then again he seemed to address whatever creature was already inside Damon: â€Å"But right now†¦a little feast to help you grow up much faster and get much stronger.† In the dream, Shinichi made a gesture, and lay back, encouraging previously invisible malach to come up the trees. They slunk up and slid up the back of Damon’s neck. And then, hideously, they slipped inside him, one by one, through some cut he hadn’t known he had. The feeling of their soft, flabby, jellyfish-like bodies was almost unbearable†¦slipping inside of him†¦. Shinichi sang softly. â€Å"Oh, come a’ tae me, ye fair pretty maidens Haste ye lassies tae my bosom Come tae me by sunlight or moonlight While the roses still are in blossom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In his dream, Damon was angry. Not because of the nonsense about malach inside him. That was ludicrous. He was angry because he knew that the dream-Shinichi was watching Elena as she began to pack up the remains of the picnic. He was watching every motion she made with an obsessive closeness. â€Å"They blossom ever where you tread †¦Wild roses bloody red.† â€Å"Extraordinary girl, your Elena,† the dream-Shinichi added. â€Å"If she lives, I think she’ll be mine for a night or so.† He stroked the remaining strands of hair off Damon’s forehead gently. â€Å"Extraordinary aura, don’t you think? I’ll make sure her death is beautiful.† But Damon was in one of those dreams where you can neither move nor speak. He didn’t answer. Meanwhile, dream-Shinichi’s dream-pets continued to climb the trees and pour themselves, like Jell-O, inside him. One, two, three, a dozen, two dozen of them.More . And Damon could not wake, even though he sensed more malach coming from the Old Wood. They were neither dead, nor living, neither man nor maiden, mere capsules of Power that would allow Shinichi to control Damon’s mind from far away. Endlessly, they came. Shinichi kept watching the flow, the bright sparkle of internal organs sparkling into Damon. After a while he sang again, â€Å"Days are precious, dinna lose them Flo’ers will fade and so will ye†¦ Come to me, ye fair young maidens While young and fair ye still may be.† Damon dreamed that he heard the word â€Å"forget† as if whispered by a hundred voices. And even as he tried to remember what to forget, it dissolved and disappeared. He woke up alone in the tree, with an ache that filled his entire body. How to cite The Return: Nightfall Chapter 15, Essay examples

The Parthenon of Greece Essay Example For Students

The Parthenon of Greece Essay The Greeks had an eager individualistic strain that led them to high levels of creative thinking in art, science, and literature. They were by nature sensitive to beauty and made its creation and enjoyment an important and necessary part of their lives. The Parthenon is a beautiful monument noted for its perfect simplicity of design and the harmony of its proportions. 1 From the architecture, to the sculpture, to the history of this great monument the Parthenon remains a masterpiece. The Parthenon is an ancient Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), on the Acropolis in Athens. 2 Most Greek cities had an acropolis (meaning high city in Greek). The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. 3 The Parthenon architecture is of the Doric order. It is the earliest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders. The Parthenons columns give an impression of graceful solidity and power. We will write a custom essay on The Parthenon of Greece specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was built from 447 to 432 BC, under the leadership of Pericles. The Parthenon was a rectangle marble temple measuring about 102 by 230 feet. It had 17 columns along each of its sides and 8 columns on each end. 4 The distances between the columns of the Parthenon vary mathematically so that when viewed from a distance, the columns reflected optical distortions. For example, a column that was perfectly straight would look like it was leaning outward. In order to compensate for this distortion, the builders inclined the columns inward just slightly. There were four types of sculptures featured in the Parthenon. They were the statue of Athena, the Ionic frieze, the Doric metopes, and the pediments. Except for the gold and ivory statue of Athena, all of the other sculptures were painted with bright colors. When the Greek temple builders placed a sloped roof over the entablature it left a triangular space at each end of the building. This empty space needed decoration so the pediment was created. The East Pediment over the front entrance depicts the birth of Athena, with a number of gods and goddesses on either side. The battle between Athena and Poseidon, the god of the sea, is located on the West Pediment. 5 The metopes were square panels carved in relief that showed battles between mythological figures. Originally there were 92 metopes, 32 on each side and 14 on each end. The Ionic frieze decorated the outer perimeter of the naos walls and was around 325 feet long and three-feet three inches in height. It represented the festival of Athena and portrayed young men and women, musicians, priests, and sacrificial animals in ceremonial procession to make an offering to Athena. The ivory and gold statue of Athena was located at the rear of the central chamber and was approximately 33 feet tall. The helmeted goddess stood resting one hand on a shield and holding a winged statue of Victory in the other. 6 A war with the Persians that ended in 479 BC destroyed the buildings and monuments on the Acropolis. A program was put into place by the Athens leader Pericles to beautify Athens and demonstrate its cultural importance. His plan was to rebuild the Acropolis with the showpiece being the Parthenon. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC, and the dedication of the temple took place in 438 BC with the installation of the statue of Athena. The Parthenon was converted to a Christian church in AD 426 and dedicated to Hagla Sophia. Later, in 622, it was rededicated to the Virgin Mary. In order to accommodate the worshippers in the church a bell tower went up in one corner and an altar was placed at the end of the building. In 1687 a Venetian general laid siege to Athens and the Parthenon suffered extensive damage. 7 In Closing, the Parthenon is a beautiful structure. .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .postImageUrl , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:visited , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:active { border:0!important; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:active , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blackness EssayThe sculptures have to be some of the greatest works of Greek art. From the decorative frieze that wrapped around the outer walls of the temple, the metope panels depicting figures in combat, to the East Pediment portraying the birth of Athena and the West Pediment showing the battle between Athena and Poseidon how vividly alive they must have seemed. Its unfortunate that there is not much left of this beautiful structure. What a sight it must have been to see the intricate detail that went into creating such a beautiful structure.

Current Issues in Nursing Essay Example

Current Issues in Nursing Essay Example Current Issues in Nursing Essay Current Issues in Nursing Essay Ph. D. and Ann L. Curley, Ph. D. , R. N. The challenges of operating 24/7, focusing on scheduling, training, and staffing. Despite projections that nursing is one of the top ten growth jobs for the next 15 years, our health care system is on the verge of an overwhelming nurse shortage and health care crisis. Adding to the problem is the fact that hospitals and many other health care facilities are extended hours operations that face unique challenges unknown to the 9-5 world. Hazards for nurses discussed in the book: * Health care shows the second highest turnover rate of all â€Å"extended hours† industries * Nursing is one of the ten industries with the highest levels of occupational injury or illness requiring days away from work. * The most prevalent injuries in nursing are musculoskeletal disorders and needlestick injuries. In 89% of needlesticks, the needle was contaminated. * Work related fatigue prompted nearly 20% of nurses to cite â€Å"having an accident while commuting back home† as one of the top three jobs related health and safety risks. * Nurses show high instances of sleep disorders severely affecting productivity. * High failure and short staffing severely affect quality of patient care. ?Problems With Nursing Informatics By: Heidi Cardenas Informatics is the process of advancing in a discipline with a combination of data, information and knowledge. Nursing informatics encompasses the devices, machines, resources, and methods of utilizing information, computers, and nursing science in nursing. Its a recognized specialty for registered nurses, but does present challenges that academics and medical practitioners are working to improve or eliminate. Significance * In 2007, the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force estimated that 50 percent of a nurses time is spent on documentation. Because of explosive strides in information technology and the huge body of medical knowledge amassed, controlling medical errors and health care costs are paramount in the health care professions, including nursing. According to RN Journal, handwriting on a piece of paper has been largely replaced by reports from medical devices at the point of care, and nurses have to master electronic documentation. Function * Nursing documentation is complex and situation-dependent. With different technology and medical charting methods in use, consistent education and training on documentation is difficult to achieve, especially electronically. Considerations * There is no single device that generates a comprehensive patient record, stores it and makes it accessible to care providers in different locations. Bar codes on medicines, computerized physician order-entry, automated scheduling systems for nurse administrators, nursing student preparation for IT tools and HIPAA concerns are just a few of the problems in nursing informatics. Potential * Mobile devices, communication technologies, efficient applications, and enhanced workflow and documentation will be the norm going forward and in the future. Ideally, every nurse would learn a universal IT platform for all patient care, but that is an almost unobtainable goal with the rapid advances in research, medicine and information technology. One thing is certainnursing and information technology are integrally intertwined and will remain so in the future. ? Occupational Health and Safety Issues Among Nurses in the Philippines By: A. B. de Castro, PhD, MSN/MPH, RN, Suzanne L. Cabrera, MN, RN, Gilbert C. Gee, PhD, Kaori Fushijiro, PhD and Eularito A. Tagalog, RN, COHN Abstract * Nursing is a hazardous occupation in the United States, but little is known about workplace health and safety issues facing the nursing work force in the Philippines. In this article, work-related problems among a sample of nurses in the Philippines are described. Cross-sectional data were collected through a self-administered survey during the Philippine Nurses Association 2007 convention. Measures included four categories: work-related demographics, occupational injury/illness, reporting behavior, and safety concerns. Approximately 40% of nurses had experienced at least one injury or illness in the past year, and 80% had experienced back pain. Most who had an injury did not report it. The top ranking concerns were stress and overwork. Filipino nurses encounter considerable health and safety concerns that are similar to those encountered by nurses in other countries. Future research should examine the work organization factors that contribute to these concerns and strengthen policies to promote health and safety. ?The National Nursing Crisis: 7 Strategic Solutions By: Jaime Z. Galvez Tan M. D. , M. P. H. Introduction At the rate we are losing monthly our highly skilled nurses to the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands, and with the Philippine government, via the Department of Health raising its hands in helplessness, offering no strategic solutions in sight, expect a worsening of the health crisis already plaguing our country. It is not only the nurses the country is losing, our medical doctors are now enrolling in nursing schools offering an abbreviated course for doctors to become nurses. ? Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing By: Jenifer Wilson-Barnett Abstract. Nurses are increasingly realizing that they can offer relevant information and participate in decision-making involving ethical issues. However, inter-professional communications are frequently inadequate, and do not permit exchange of opinions. The consequences are often frustrating and upsetting for nurses whose care is affected by others policies. ? Unemployment * The Professional Regulation Commission estimates the number of jobless Filipino nurses to hit 298,000 this year, to include the 68,000 who took the local licensure exam in December. ? RN Heals Department Order No. 2012-0184 (DO 2012-0184). * The Order speaks of the following interesting points: * RNheals nurses are not ‘employed’ but rather are intended for learning and development. Nurses under the program are not regular employees but pre-service trainees. They are given stipend/allowances not salaries. * RNheals 4 tour of duty will be from January to December 2013. Nurses will be assigned in DOH Hospitals (Hospital Setting) or Rural Health Units (Community Setting). Stipend/allowance for RN Heals 2013 is still 8,000 per month with PhilHealth and GSIS Insurance. * Nurses are to be awarded with Certificate of Completion after satisfactorily completing the RNheals program. * RN Heals 4 Recruitment and selection period will be from October 29, 2012 to November 2012. * Application forms shall be submitted directly to CHDs for community setting and DOH Hospitals for hospital setting. * ONLY NURSES WITH PRC LICENSE are eligible to apply. * Nurses who have previously engaged in RNHeals are not qualified to re-enter the project. * In case of absences, a fixed amount of Php 363. 00 per day shall be deducted. * Stipend shall be given on or before every 10th and 25th day of the month. * Eight training hours per day shall be completed by the nurse.

How to Get Rid of Clichés in Your Writing

How to Get Rid of Clichà ©s in Your Writing It was a dark and stormy night. The unsuspecting college student racked her brain while the seconds ticked by. She felt like the world was falling down all around her. In less than six hours, her narrative essay was due for her Composition 123 class. She had ideas, but she wanted to write something fresh as daisies – a story that would get under her readers’ skins. She looked at what she’d written so far and realized that it was more clichà ©d than American apple pie. If this scene reminds you of your own struggles with writing, you are in severe need of an anti-clichà © remedy. Fortunately, clichà ©d writing doesn’t necessarily have to be the death of your essay. You can learn how to identify clichà ©s in your writing and eliminate them by following a few simple steps. Time to Identify: What is a Clichà ©? The word clichà © dates back to 1825, where it was used to describe a sound made when a printer’s press went over a typeset block called a â€Å"stereotype.† The stereotype made it possible to reuse the same words over and over again to save time in the printing process. Like in the original usage of the word, clichà ©s save people time and effort by using images, wording, and ideas that have been used many times over. Unfortunately, they also come across as boring, vapid, and as an attempt to word-count pad your essay. Some of the most rampant clichà ©s in essay writing are: The dictionary defines ________ as†¦. This essay will discuss†¦ From the beginning of time†¦ All in all†¦ My experiences broadened my horizons†¦ It hit me like a ton of bricks†¦ In this day and age†¦ You probably have heard or read these many times throughout your life. Perhaps you’ve actually written them once or twice. Don’t worry. Identifying clichà ©s in your own writing is the first step towards turning your boring essays into engaging writing. Review, Replace, Rewrite By replacing worn out phrases with ones that are uniquely yours, your writing will be more fun to read and your teachers will see you as a more mature writer. Just keep in mind the Three Rs of eliminating clichà ©s: Review, Replace, and Rewrite. If you follow these steps for every essay you write, your writing will always have that personal flair that can never be copied. For example, review the opening paragraph one more time. It was a dark and stormy night. The unsuspecting college student racked her brain while the seconds ticked by. She felt like the world was falling down all around her. In less than six hours, her narrative essay was due for her Composition 123 class. She had ideas, but she wanted to write something fresh as daisies – a story that would get under her readers’ skins. She looked at what she’d written so far and realized that it was more clichà ©d than American apple pie. Are there any phrases that stick out to as being clichà ©d? Replace the rehashed language and ideas with creative metaphors and clear nouns and verbs. Then, rewrite this paragraph so that it sounds more original – more uniquely â€Å"you.† It was another stressful Sunday night cram session. Cheri felt sweat underneath her watch as ts incessant tick-tick-tick buried her deeper in despair. In less than six hours, her narrative essay was due for her Composition 123 class. She had ideas, but she wanted to write something exotic and explosive – a story that would grip her readers’ minds and whisper her words long after they put it down. A Word of Warning: Write Clear and Hard The rewritten paragraph is more interesting to read, and sounds more mature. Because all the overused ideas were replaced, the paragraph is vibrant and evocative. Still, make sure that your writing doesn’t go too far in its attempt to be original. Using a thesaurus to come up with â€Å"fancy† words often reads like just that. In addition, abstract metaphors and similes can confuse readers and bog your writing down. The best advice? Hemingway said, â€Å"Write clear and hard about what hurts.† When writing your essays, be clear in your language and use images that are unique to your experience. That way, your essays don’t have to be quite so painfully boring to read. With a little creative flair and an arsenal of new ideas, you’ll be able to conquer even the driest college essay prompt in your own unique style.

Thomas Jeffersons two terms in office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thomas Jeffersons two terms in office - Essay Example Thomas Jefferson’s two terms in office Washington had constraint the operations of the judiciary to deliver justice to all Americans by allowing it to be overly influenced by federalists. Jefferson succeeded in eliminating federal influences in the judiciary by making the Supreme Court independence. The independence of the judiciary was a critical aspect in America’s rise to a justly state. His intention to repeal the 1801 Judiciary Act, remove judges untrustworthy judges from office, and eliminate district courts from the judicial structure were motivated by his intention to see an efficient and effective judicial system that functions within the budgeted expenditures (Bailey, 2001). He also ensured that the executives operate within the constitutional frameworks and are non-partisan in their actions as this was critical to America’s growth. Additionally, Jefferson was committed to strengthening the nation’s economy through elimination of debt and superfluous taxes that were deemed offensive and unreasonably burdened struggling Americans. He saw a ballooning national debt as a cesspool of bigoted patronage (Denson, 2001). Unlike Washington, Jefferson believed that the nation could build foreign credit without carrying a huge national debt. However, I believe that his misdoing came in during the Louisiana Purchase when he candidly violated his powers and borrowed gold from England only to reimburse with treasury bonds which particularly increased the state’s external debt as it is equaled to debt.

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters 16-19 - Essay Example Furthermore, a wonderful platform was provided for entrepreneurs to showcase their talent at the onset of this revolution. Steam power was introduced with the help of which railways came into being; water wheels were made use of in the manufacturing industry; the textile industry made use of the spinning jenny as well as various other equipments that brought about a revolutionary change in American society. These effects were not only confined to America but also spread through parts of Europe as well as North America, making America to be one of the fastest growing economies at the time. A number of powerful and wealthy industrialists came into being and were known as Robber Barons who sold their products at prices that were very questionable; this process included buying out the competition, paying the employees and workers very low wages, hiking up the prices while maintaining a monopoly in order to amass wealth. This practice was followed under the concept of laissez faire which has been discussed further during the scope of this paper however it was due to such a monopoly that the government in the country had to interfere in order to keep in check the welfare of the poorer sections of society from being exploited by these barons. â€Å"Laissez-faire† is a French word-combination that literally means ‘let them do’ and may be interpreted in the economic sense as ‘let them do as they will’ or ‘leave them to do as they please.’ The phrase was brought into question when M. Le Gendre, who led a group of French businessmen, was asked about the welfare of merchants in France and how they could contribute to the commercial structure of the country. Established in the 18th century, the concept of laissez-faire was used in order to oppose any government intervention in business affairs. In America private owners have had a bigger say in matters relating to trade and commerce. E.A.J Johnson wrote the following in his 1973 study on the economic principles established at the foundation of the United States: â€Å"The general view, discernible in contemporaneous literature, was that the responsibility of government should involve enough surveillance over the enterprise system to ensure the social usefulness of all economic activity. It is quite proper, said Bordley, for individuals to â€Å"choose for themselves† how they will apply their labor and their intelligence in production. But it does not follow from this that â€Å"legislators and men of influence† are freed from all responsibility for giving direction to the course of national economic development. They must, for instance, discountenance the production of unnecessary commodities of luxury when common sense indicates the need for food and other essentials. Lawmakers can fulfill their functions properly only when they â€Å"become benefactors to the public†; in new countries they must safeguard agriculture and commerce, e ncourage immigration, and promote manufactures.† (Johnson, E.A.J) One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution in America was the development of railways and railroads because this led to the formation of the backbone of the American economy to a great extent. It assisted in balancing out transport of essential commodities to destinations near and far in order to maintain the supply of

Histidine Synthesis: An Overview of Research

Histidine Synthesis: An Overview of Research Histidine Synthesis Kathryn McCallister The study of the biosynthetic pathway leading to synthesis of the amino acid histidine in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes was begun more than 40 years ago and has resulted in the unraveling of many fundamental mechanisms of biology (1). With this it can be assumed that much of the pathway is known or is in the process of becoming known. What is to be discussed is the pathway itself, which has been studied extensively in E. coli and S. typhimurium. While many may not understand why this pathway is important in the body it should not be understated that this is a very important pathway. Histidine is an essential amino acid. Histidine metabolism has been extensively researched and many articles have been published about the numerous effects of having deficient or excessive histidine in the blood. This paper will go over the flow of the pathway in detail from the beginning to the end result, Histidine. Histidine is something that is very important in the human body and this will be rev ealed later in the paper. Now the portion of the pathway to be discussed is the portion in which Histidine is made into Carnosine. Now in order to discuss this portion of the pathway we must first find out how we make Histidine in the first place. This pathway also occurs in prokaryotes which are the main organism in which this pathway has been studied. The disease that we will be focusing on is Carnosinemia. This disease is caused by a deficient amount of histidine in the body. Lastly we will discuss the prevalence of this disease in society and how this could potentially affect the population in the future. The histidine system is an important system in the body. It has also helped with other theories. The histidine system was of the utmost importance in the definition and refinement of the operon theory (1). In order to understand this theory you first must understand what an operon is. An operon contains a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in a metabolic pathway (2). This is very important in the processes of the organism. The operon helps the cell conserve energy. The operon theory was first proposed by the French microbiologist Franà §ois Jacob and Jacques Monod in the early 1960s (2). While this seems irrelevant in fact, it has been calculated that 41 ATP molecules are sacrificed for each histidine molecule made (1). With that kind of energy needed it’s no wonder that the majority of Histidine comes from diet. Histidine is a costly amino acid to produce, so in order for the body to maintain itself it has to be able to take Histidine from the food in which we eat . If enough of this amino acid is not taken in then it could potentially cause problems. Histidine is one of the most important substances in the body only because it can be converted into other things one of which is really important in the body, haemoglobin. Furthermore, it is involved in various metabolic reactions and hence ensures indirectly the oxygen supply to all the organs and tissues (3). Without oxygen the body would eventually begin to shut down. In particular, in the well-known yeast S. cerevisiae, the seven genes responsible for the biosynthesis of histidine are located on six different chromosomes (1). Now this is very different than in Archaebacteria. The his genes in archaebacterial are less well known than in eubacteria; only three his genes have been recognized in just four species, three of them belonging to the genus Methanococcus and one to Halobacterium (1). This is interesting since there are seven genes. The demonstration that hisI and hisE is, in fact, a single gene (now hisI) brought the genes to eight and the steps to 10 (1). Quickly covering these steps is no easy task, but below is an attempt to do so. The first reaction in histidine biosynthesis is the condensation of ATP and 5-phophoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form N’-5’-phosphoribosyl-ATP (PRATP) (1). This key reaction is involved in feedback inhibition. The second step in histidine biosynthesis is the condensation of PRATP into PRAMP. From PRAMP the synthesis produces BBMII. The fourth step of the pathway is an internal redox reaction, also known as Amadori rearrangement, involving the isomerization of the aminoaldose 5’-ProFAR to the aminoketose N’-[(5’-phosphoribulosyl)-formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleotide (5’-PRFAR or BBMIII) (1). This is then synthesized into imidazole-glycerol-phosphate, also known as IGP. AICAR, which is produced in the reaction catalyzed by the IGP synthase, is recycled into the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway (1). From there it is dehydrated and the resulting enol is ketonized nonenzymatically to imidazole-acetol-phosphate (IAP) (1). The seventh step of this pathway is a reversible one in which IAP is involved. The reaction leads to the production of ÃŽ ±-ketoglutarate and L-histidinol-phosphate (HOL-P) (1). From there it loses the phosphate and becomes L-histidinol (HOL). HOL is oxidized and becomes L-histidinal, which is an unstable portion of the pathway. From there it proceeds to histidine by way of a transferase, or in other words it moves the intermediate to another site on the chain. Nevertheless, the two initial substrates of histidine biosynthesis, PRPP and ATP, play a key role in intermediate and energetic metabolism and link this pathway to the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, pyridine nucleotide, folates, and tryptophan (1). Klem and Davisson found that the protein encoded by the hisF gene has an ammoni-dependent activity that is responsible for the conversion of PRFAR to AICAR and IFP, while the product of the hisH gene had no detectable catalytic properties. However, in combination, the two proteins were able to carry out the reaction in the presence of glutamine as a nitrogen donor without releasing any free metabolic intermediate (1). Final identification was generally achieved from DNA and protein sequence comparison with the E. coli counterparts, assuming, as it is widely accepted, the the biosynthetic pathway is fundamentally the same in all organisms (1). This later may be associated with dietary factors, since it is known that histidinuria may be present after a heavy protein meal especially in children; it is also increased during pregnancy and at the beginning of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (9). This is interesting to note because this study was done in 1962 ns was based on a urine analysis of the mentally defective population of Northern Ireland. This study proposed that there were approximately 4,000 people under the care of the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority during this study. In the 2,081 urines examined there were two cases of very severe generalized aminoaciduria and 36 cases of moderate severity; these latter are of ‘central cluster’ pattern involving glycine, serine, alanine, glutamine and/or glutamic acid, histidine, threonine and sometimes taurine (9). While these numbers may seem insignificant when you take that throughout the whole population who may not know that they have a deficiency, t he numbers translate to 1.8% of the population. It is appreciated that many of the above amino-acidurias may have a metabolic basis quite unrelated to mental retardation, and it is hoped to study these cases in detail (9). This is later confirmed by further testing. The portion of the pathway that will be discussed is from Histidine to Carnosine. This may seem unrelated but Carnosinemia is caused by a lack of Histidine because it is partially made up of Histidine. Without Histidine there can be no Carnosine made. One of the genes that have recently been linked to diabetic nephropathy is Carnosine dipeptidase-1 (6). This is just one of the problems that carnosinemia could potentially cause in the human body. In humans, circulating Carnosine is readily degraded by the highly active serum carnosinase enzyme, which is secreted from the liver into the plasma (6). Without Carnosine this enzyme isn’t able to function properly. Carnosinase is a true dipeptidase and this was discovered in an experiment that was published in 1985. Human tissue carnosinase (EC 3.4.13.3) had optimum activity at pH 9.5 and was a cysteine peptidase, being activated by dithiothreitol and inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (7). While pH may be manipulated in a lab, ou r body adjusts our pH everyday on a cellular level in order to work at maximum capacity at all times. Carnosine could hold the potential to protect type 2 diabetics from some of the complications associated with nerve damage. From these genetic data in human patients, it was hypothesized that L-Carnosine serum levels are associated with the risk for late complications of diabetic disease and that L-Carnosine acts as a protective factor (6). This is interesting to note since most symptoms associated with low amino acid levels involve some sort of nerve problem. The researchers hypothesized that L-Carnosine may be a protective factor when it comes to diabetic patients and their potential nerve problems associated with type 2 diabetes. In the results they found that mice that were supplemented with L-Carnosine had later onset diabetes and was much milder than anticipated. Their conclusion was that hCN1-dependent susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy may at least in part be mediated by altered glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients (6). It has been found that Carnosine not only protects against type 2 diabetes but also with LDL and high cholesterol. In an experiment published in 2007 it was found that Carnosine was able to lower LDL without the dangerous accumulation of cholesterol that many drugs on the market cause. The key finding of the current study is that Carnosine and its constituents are effective at equimolar concentrations to the modifying agent, out data suggests that Carnosine and its constituents may serve as effective scavengers of carbonyl compounds and inhibitors of protein glycation in vivo, and as potential therapeutic agents to inhibit diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. (5). That is why Carnosine is so important in the human body. Now managing this disease isn’t as simple as just ingesting more histidine or Carnosine. There is no known cure for carnosinemia. They are still trying to figure out what causes carnosinemia. The signs and symptoms of carnosinemia are: aminoaciduria, cognitive impairment, developmental regress, EEG abnormality, seizures, autosomal recessive inheritance, carnosinuria, generalized myoclonic seizures, and intellectual disability (12). Most of the symptoms as stated have to do with the brain and its functions, and this is very similar to a number of other diseases that have to do with amino acid deficiency. Unfortunately as stated there is no known cure or management for this disease. Unfortunately only about 30 cases have been reported to date so not a lot of people even know that this disease exists. So far, all genetically determined diseases due to primarily to an enzyme deficiency are inherited by recessive or sex-linked mechanisms and this rule is holding so well that there is little reason to search for such a cause in conditions showing dominant inheritance (4). Carnosinemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that both parents have to be carriers in order for the child to be effected. The commonest approach has been to provide a diet deprived of an offending constituent, the greatest experience having been obtained with the treatment by this means of phenylketonuria and galactosaemia (4). When researched no known treatment could be neither found, nor any experimental treatments for this disease. Not enough people suffer from this disease to make experimentation worthwhile for scientists. Dietary restriction is by no means the only approach to therapy and in disorders of many essential amino-acids may not even be feasible (4). Such is the case for carnosinemia and h istidine deficiency. In conclusion, the study of histidine has spanned more than 40 years and is still very much ongoing. The two main study specimens that have been used to study the Histidine pathway are E. coli and S. typhimurium. The pathway is comprised of 10 steps in which it starts at ATP and ends with Histidine. From there is can be transformed into a number of different compounds including Histamine and Haemoglobin. There are seven genes that make up the Histidine pathway and they are located on six different chromosomes in eukaryotes. Histidine intake is mostly dietary because it is so costly for the body to make it. Which is why Histidinuria is found especially in children and pregnant women. They also found the Histidine deficiency can cause many developmental delays, and was found in a some of the mentally challenged people tested in Northern Ireland. Histidine makes up Carnosine in the human body which is very important for those with diabetes. It has been found that Carnosine may have a pr otective factor for those with type 2 diabetes. It may prevent those with type 2 diabetes from developing a severe case of nephropathy. It was also found to help lower LDL without causing cholesterol buildup like some of the drugs on the market today. This is why Carnosine is so important in the human body. Carnosinemia is a very serious disease and there is no known cure or treatment for it. The symptoms of Carnosinemia range from cognitive impairment to seizures. Unfortunately this disease can’t be fixed with diet, and there are no known medications or treatments for this disease. Carnosinemia is a very serious disease caused by a deficiency of Histidine. References Alifano, P.; Fani, R; Lià ², P.; Lazcano, A.; Bazzicalupo, M.; Carlomagno, M. S.; Bruni, C.B. Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway and Genes: Structure, Regulation, and Evolution. Am. Soc. For Microbiology. 1996, Vol. 60, 44-69. Encyclopedia Britannica. Operon. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/429974/operon (accessed Nov 25, 2014). Amino Acid Studies. L-histidine. http://aminoacidstudies.org/l-histidine/ (accessed Nov 25, 2014). Raine, D. N. Management of Inherited Metabolic Disease. British Medical Journal. 1972, Vol.2, 329-336. Rashid, I.; van Reyk, D. M.; Davies, M. J. Carnosine and its constituents inhibit gylcation of low-density lipoproteins that promotes foam cell formation in vitro. Federation of European Biochemical Societies. 2007, 1067-1070. Sauerhofer, S.; Yuan, G.; Braun, G. S.; Deinzer, M.; Neumaier, M.; Gretz, N.; Floege, J.; Kriz, W.; van der Woude, F.; Moeller, M. J. L-Carnosine, a Substrate of Carnosinase-1, Influences Glucose Metabolism. Diabetes. 2007, Vol. 56, 2425-2432 Lenner, J. F.; Pepper, S. C.; Kucera-Orallo, C. M.; George, R. P. Characterization of human tissue carnosinase. Biochem. J. 1985, 653-660. Everaert, I.; Taes, Y.; De Heer, E.; Baelde, H.; Zutinic, A.; Yard, B.; Sauerhofer, S.; Vanhee, L.; Delanghe, J.; Aldini, G.; Derave, W. Low plasma carnosinase activity promotes carnosinemia after Carnosine ingestion in humans. American Physiological Society. 2012, F1537-F1544. Carson, N. A. J.; Neill, D. W. Metabolic Abnormalities Detected in a Survey of Mentally Backward Individuals in Northern Ireland. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1962, 505-513. Kanehisa Laboratories. Histidine metabolism-Reference pathway. http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?org_name=mapmapno=00340mapscale=show_description=hide (accessed Nov 25, 2014). University of Bristol. Histamine in the body. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/histamine/jm/body.htm (accessed Nov 25, 2014). National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Carnosinemia. http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/6001/carnosinemia/resources/9 (accessed Nov 30, 2014). Orpha. Prevalence of rare disease: Bibliographic data. Orphanet Series [online] 2014, 8 http://www.orpha.net/orphacom/cahiers/docs/GB/Prevalence_of_rare_diseases_by_alphabetical_list.pdf

High School and Exemption Forms

I am in the process of distributing Exemption Forms to students today. I wanted to go over a few things with you so that we are all on the same page. Exemptions were put into place to encourage and reward good attendance and behavior. This is not a privilege entitled to every student simply because they are enrolled in our school†¦ It is a REWARD. Please pass this on to your students. The rules are very simple†¦. If you have been in SIS, DEEP or if you have been suspended this semester, then you can't be exempt. The average that a student must have in your class in order to be exempt is based on he number of absences that he or she has in your class. A. If a student has 0-1 excused absence in your class, their semester average must be an 80 or above B. If a student has 2 excused absences in your class, their semester average must be an 85 or above C.If a student has 3 excused absences in your class, their semester average ,must be a 90 or above If a student has an unexcused absence in your class, they may not be exempt from your test. Notes for unexcused absences will not be accepted at this point. It is the students' responsibility to turn in notes within 5 days of returning to school after they eave been absent. Please do not give the student the attendance information that you see in your grade book as this includes extracurricular absences in the total number and those do not count.

Free Printable Science Worksheets and Coloring Pages

Science is usually a high-interest topic for kids. Children love to know how and why things work, and science is part of everything, from animals and earthquakes to the human body. Take advantage of your students fascination with science-themed topics by incorporating fun printables and hands-on learning activities into your science studies.   General Science Its never too early to begin teaching children to document their scientific lab findings. Teach them to make a hypothesis (an educated guess) about what they think the result of the experiment will be and why. Then, show them how to document the results with science report forms.   Learn about the men and women behind todays science by using free worksheets, such as  Albert Einstein printables,  where students can learn about one of the most famous scientists of all time. Spend some time exploring the tools of a scientists trade, such as the  parts of a microscope. Study general science principles—that people use every day, often without even realizing it—such as how  magnets  work,  the basics of Newtons laws of motion, and the workings of  simple machines. Earth and Space Science Earth, space, planets, and the stars are fascinating to students of all ages. The study of life on this planet—and in the universe—is a topic worth delving into with your students. Students can soar into the heavens with astronomy and space exploration printables. Study the  weather  and natural disasters such as  earthquakes  or  volcanoes. Discuss the types of scientists who study those fields such as meteorologists, seismologists, volcanologists, and geologists. Spend time outdoors creating your own rock collection and indoors learning about them with  rocks printables. Animal and Insects Kids love learning about the creatures they can find in their own backyard. Spring is a great time to study the birds  and  the bees.  Learn about the  lepidopterists—scientists who study moths and butterflies—and entomologists, who study insects. Schedule a field trip to a beekeeper or visit a butterfly garden.  Visit a zoo and learn about mammals, such as  elephants  (pachyderms), and  reptiles,  such as alligators and crocodiles. If your young students are fascinated by reptiles, print a reptiles coloring book for them You may have a future paleontologist in your class or homeschool. If so, visit a museum of natural history so that she can learn about dinosaurs. Then, capitalize on that interest with a set of free  dinosaur printables. While youre studying animals and insects, discuss how the seasons—spring,  summer,  fall, and winter—affect them and their habitats. Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the oceans and the creatures that live there. Many  of the animals who call the ocean home are very unusual looking. Help students learn about the mammals and fish that inhabit the oceans, including dolphins, whales, sharks, and seahorses, as well as: CrabsJellyfishManateesOctopusesSea TurtlesStarfish Then, dig deeper by exploring more facts about dolphins, seahorses, and even lobsters. Updated by Kris Bales

The Language And Literacy Development Of The Children...

usage, family involvement and follow-up visits to schools. Qualitative and quantitative measures were used for the purpose of charting a holistic and detailed picture of the language and literacy development of the children using AAC. The goal of the study is to explore effective approaches for supporting communication (including oral language, literacy, and technology skills) among those who require AAC devices. They took part in an intensive, 4-week summer intervention program. The program was designed to explore effective approaches, content and contexts for supporting communication, including oral language, literacy, and technology skills for those who require AAC. Results indicated students using AAC benefit from the integration of†¦show more content†¦The results were found to be that the reality of inclusion was based on the lives and experiences of the people practicing it daily. Their conclusion was that while governmental policy mandates schools implement programs a specific way, when there is ambiguities regarding practice and performance (Meyers, 2007). The next study was a quantitative longitudinal study lasting 8 weeks was created to determine if the attitudes of student teachers who were taught without inclusion as a primary focus could be affected in a positive way when placed in a classroom where inclusion was the focus. The purpose of this study is twofold: first to determine if students’ attitude towards inclusion in their classroom is best gained during the educational part of the course study or in the experience portion of the credential process (Lambe Bones, 2007). It also looked to determine the key factors that can influence attitude change during the credential process, before candidates advance to student teaching. The findings of this study were that surveys given at the end of the student teaching experience showed a significant change in personal attitudes and beliefs from the first administration of the surveys. The authors conclude that students in the end stages of their credential program already had a positive attitude towards

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 999 Words

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a glimpse into the lives of the high class of the roaring twenties through Nick Carraway’s, a simple man from the mid-west, eyes. This novel depicts the aspects of the American dream, and the truth about achieving it. The American dream has been portrayed through many books, movies, and such over time. The qualities of the American dream shown throughout The Great Gatsby, are hope and success. James Gatz, also known as Jay Gatsby, dedicated his life to living out the American dream and becoming successful. Gatsby dreamed of being an American hero. Gatsby was perhaps the epitome of self-made success. Gatsby came from nothing, but over the years recreated himself and acquired wealth and status. Of all the things he had; wealth, ambition, and a taste for adventure, he was missing something. Since the day he met Daisy Buchanan, it was Gatsby’s greatest desire to win her heart. Daisy became his American dream. Everything he did, wa s all part of his efforts to win her heart; the large parties, the nice clothes, and the unnecessary gadgets. Gatsby thought if he made a place for himself in the upper class, and established himself as a somebody, he would finally get Daisy. Gatsby never lost hope, he constantly chased his dream of being with Daisy. Although Daisy also had feelings for Gatsby due to his poor upbringing she never gave him a chance. Gatsby would never be â€Å"old money,† unlike Tom. The green light Gatsby reaches out to in theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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LAN and Network Mangements Free Essays

string(150) " easily access SNMP information, giving them any information about the network, and also the ability to potentially shut down systems on the network\." Imagine yourself as a network administrator, responsible for a 2000 user network. This network reaches from California to New York, and some branches over seas. In this situation, anything can, and usually does go wrong, but it would be your job as a system administrator to resolve the problem with it arises as quickly as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on LAN and Network Mangements or any similar topic only for you Order Now The last thing you would want is for your boss to call you up, asking why you haven†t done anything to fix the 2 major systems that have been down for several hours. How do you explain to him that you didn†t even know about it? Would you even want to tell him that? So now, picture yourself in the same situation, only this time, you were using a network monitoring program. Sitting in front of a large screen displaying a map of the world, leaning back gently in your chair. A gentle warning tone sounds, and looking at your display, you see that California is now glowing a soft red in color, in place of the green glow just moments before. You select the state of California, and it zooms in for a closer look. You see a network diagram overview of all the computers your company has within California. Two systems are flashing, with an X on top of them indicating that they are experiencing problems. Tagging the two systems, you press enter, and with a flash, the screen displays all the statitics of the two systems, including anything they might have in common causing the problem. Seeing that both systems are linked to the same card of a network switch, you pick up the phone and give that branch office a call, notifying them not only that they have a problem, but how to fix it as well. Early in the days of computers, a central computer (called a mainframe) was connected to a bunch of dumb terminals using a standard copper wire. Not much thought was put into how this was done because there was only one way to do it: they ere either connected, or they weren†t. Figure 1 shows a diagram of these early systems. If something went wrong with this type of system, it was fairly easy to troubleshoot, the blame almost always fell on the mainframe system. Shortly after the introduction of Personal Computers (PC), came Local Area Networks (LANS), forever changing the way in which we look at networked systems. LANS originally consisted of just PC†s connected into groups of computers, but soon after, there came a need to connect those individual LANS together forming what is known as a Wide Area Network, or WAN, the result was a complex connection of omputers joined together using various types of interfaces and protocols. Figure 2 shows a modern day WAN. Last year, a survey of Fortune 500 companies showed that 15% of their total computer budget, 1. 6 Million dollars, was spent on network management (Rose, 115). Because of this, much attention has focused on two families of network management protocols: The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which comes from a de facto standards based background of TCP/IP communication, and the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), which derives from a de jure standards-based background associated with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) (Fisher, 183). In this report I will cover advantages and disadvantages of both Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). , as well as discuss a new protocol for the future. I will also give some good reasons supporting why I believe that SNMP is a protocol that all network SNMP is a protocol that enables a management station to configure, monitor, and receive trap (alarm) messages from network devices. (Feit, 12). It is formally specified in a series of related Request for Comment (RFC) documents, listed here. The first protocol developed was the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It was commonly considered to be a quickly designed â€Å"band-aid† solution to internetwork management difficulties while other, larger and better protocols were being designed. (Miller, 46). However, no better choice became available, and SNMP soon became the network management protocol of choice. It works very simply (as the name suggests): it exchanges network packets through messages (known as protocol data units (PDU)). The PDU contains variables that have both titles and values. There are five types of PDU†s which SNMP uses to onitor a network: two deal with reading terminal data, two with setting terminal data, and one called the trap, used for monitoring network events, such as terminal start-ups By far the largest advantage of SNMP over CMIP is that its design is simple, so it is as easy to use on a small network as well as on a large one, with ease of setup, and lack of stress on system resources. Also, the simple design makes it simple for the user to program system variables that they would like to monitor. Another major advantage to SNMP is that is in wide use today around the world. Because of it†s evelopment during a time when no other protocol of this type existed, it became very popular, and is a built in protocol supported by most major vendors of networking hardware, such as hubs, bridges, and routers, as well as majoring operating systems. It has even been put to use inside the Coca-Cola machines at Stanford University, in Palo Alto, California (Borsook, 48). Because of SNMP†s smaller size, it has even been implemented in such devices as toasters, compact disc players, and battery-operated barking dogs. In the 1990 Interop show, John Romkey, vice president of engineering or Epilogue, demonstrated that through an SNMP program running on a PC, you could control a standard toaster through a network (Miller, 57). SNMP is by no means a perfect network manager. But because of it†s simple design, these flaws can be fixed. The first problem realized by most companies is that there are some rather large security problems related with SNMP. Any decent hacker can easily access SNMP information, giving them any information about the network, and also the ability to potentially shut down systems on the network. You read "LAN and Network Mangements" in category "Essay examples" The latest version of SNMP, called SNMPv2, has added some security measures that were left out of SNMP, to combat the 3 largest problems plaguing SNMP: Privacy of Data (to prevent intruders from gaining access to information carried along the network), authentication (to prevent intruders from sending false data across the network), and access control (which restricts access of particular variables to certain users, thus removing the possibility of a user accidentally crashing the network). (Stallings, 213) The largest problem with SNMP, ironically enough, is the same thing that made it great; it†s simple design. Because it is so simple, the information it deals with is either detailed, nor well organized enough to deal with the growing networks of the This is mainly due to the quick creation of SNMP, because it was never designed to be the network management protocol of the 1990†³s. Like the previous flaw, this one too has been corrected with the new version, SNMPv2. This new version allows for more in-detail specification of variables, including the use of the table data structure for easier data retrieval. Also added are two new PDU†s that are used to manipulate the tabled objects. In fact, so many new features have been added that the formal pecifications for SNMP have expanded from 36 pages (with v1) to 416 pages with SNMPv2. (Stallings, 153) Some people might say that SNMPv2 has lost the simplicity, but the truth is that the changes were necessary, and could not have been avoided. A management station relies on the agent at a device to retrieve or update the information at the device. The information is viewed as a logical database, called a Management Information Base, or MIB. MIB modules describe MIB variables for a large variety of device types, computer hardware, and software components. The original MIB for Managing a TCP/IP internet (now called MIB-I) was defined in RFC 066 in August of 1988. It was updated in RFC 1156 in May of 1990. The MIB-II version published in RFC 1213 in May of 1991, contained some improvements, and has proved that it can do a good job of meeting basic TCP/IP management needs. MIB-II added many useful variables missing from MIB-I (Feit, 85). MIB files are common variables used not only by SNMP, but CMIP as well. In the late 1980†³s a project began, funded by governments, and large corporations. Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) was born. Many thought that because of it†s nearly infinite development budget, that it would quickly become in idespread use, and overthrow SNMP from it†s throne. Unfortunately, problems with its implementation have delayed its use, and it is now only available in limited form from developers themselves. (SNMP, Part 2 of 2, III. 40. ) CMIP was designed to be better than SNMP in every way by repairing all flaws, and expanding on what was good about it, making it a bigger and more detailed network manager. It†s design is similar to SNMP, where PDU†s are used as variables to monitor the network. CMIP however contains 11 types of PDU†s (compared to SNMP†s 5). In CMIP, the variables are seen as very complex and sophisticated data tructures with three attributes. These include: 1) Variable attributes: which represent the variables characteristics (its data 2) variable behaviors: what actions of that variable can be triggered. 3) Notifications: the variable generates an event report whenever a specified event occurs (eg. A terminal shutdown would cause a variable notification As a comparison, SNMP only employs variable properties from one and three above. The biggest feature of the CMIP protocol is that its variables not only relay information to and from the terminal (as in SNMP) , but they can also be used to perform tasks that would be impossible under SNMP. For instance, if a terminal on a network cannot reach the fileserver a pre-determined amount of times, then CMIP can notify appropriate personnel of the event. With SNMP however, a user would have to specifically tell it to keep track of unsuccessful attempts to reach the server, and then what to do when that variable reaches a limit. CMIP therefore results in a more efficient management system, and less work is required from the user to keep updated on the status of the network. CMIP also contains the security measures left out by SNMP. Because of the large development budget, when it becomes available, CMIP ill be widely used by the government, and the corporations that funded it. After reading the above paragraph, you might wonder why, if CMIP is this wonderful, is it not being used already? (after all, it had been in development for nearly 10 years) The answer is that possibly CMIP†s only major disadvantage, is enough in my opinion to render it useless. CMIP requires about ten times the system resources that are needed for SNMP. In other words, very few systems in the world would able to handle a full implementation on CMIP without undergoing massive network modifications. This disadvantage has no inexpensive fix to it. For that reason, many believe CMIP is doomed to fail. The other flaw in CMIP is that it is very difficult to program. Its complex nature requires so many different variables that only a few skilled programmers are able to use it to it†s full potential. Considering the above information, one can see that both management systems have their advantages and disadvantages. However the deciding factor between the two, lies with their implementation, for now, it is almost impossible to find a system with the necessary resources to support the CMIP model, even though it is superior to SNMP (v1 and v2) in both design and operation. Many people believe that the growing power of modern systems will soon fit well with CMIP model, and might result in it†s widespread use, but I believe by the time that day comes, SNMP could very well have adapted itself to become what CMIP currently offers, and more. As we†ve seen with other products, once a technology achieves critical mass, and a substantial installed base, it†s quite difficult to convince users to rip it out and start fresh with an new and unproven technology (Borsook, 48). It is then recommend that SNMP be used in a situation where minimial security is needed, and SNMPv2 be used Borsook, Paulina. How to cite LAN and Network Mangements, Essay examples